Illustration of sp and sp2 Hybrid Orbitals

Illustration of sp and sp² Hybrid Orbitals

Hybrid orbitals are recieved from wave functions of an atom and are denoted as h. They are shown in the following 3D- and contour plots: Left side Ψ, right side |Ψ|². For the two orthogonal sp hybrids the linear combinations

are suitable. In the normalized hybrid orbital, the factor of 1/√2 appears. For the three orthogonal sp² hybrids, there are uncountable possibilities that match the criterion h1⊥h2⊥h3. Here, the linear combinations

have been chosen. The all are orthogal to each other and normalization introduces the factor of 1/√3.

sp Hybrids

sp² Hybrids

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